linagliptin, Tradjenta

GENERIC NAME: linagliptin

BRAND NAME: Tradjenta

DRUG CLASS AND MECHANISM: Linagliptin is an oral drug that reduces blood sugar (glucose) levels in patients with type 2 diabetes. Linagliptin is a member of a class of drugs that inhibit the enzyme, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4). Other members of this class include sitagliptin (Januvia), and saxagliptin (Onglyza). Following a meal, incretin hormones such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) are released from the intestine, and their levels increase in the blood. GLP-1 and GIP reduce blood glucose by increasing the production and release of insulin from the pancreas. GLP-1 also reduces blood glucose by reducing the secretion by the pancreas of the hormone, glucagon, a hormone that increases the production of glucose by the liver and raises the blood level of glucose. The net effect of increased release of GLP-1 and GIP is to reduce blood glucose levels. Linagliptin inhibits the enzyme, DPP-4, that destroys GLP-1 and GIP and thereby increases the levels and activity of both hormones. As a result, levels of GLP-1 and GIP in the blood remain higher, and blood glucose levels fall. In summary, linagliptin reduces blood glucose levels by inhibiting DPP-4 and increasing the levels of GLP-1 and GIP. Linagliptin was approved by the FDA in May 2011.

Read More

Adrenaline Hydrochloride Injection

Indication of Adrenaline Hydrochloride Injection:

Initial dose in the case of a cardiac arrest should be 1mg (that is 10mL of 1:10,000) intravenously.

This should be injected more slowly in elderly patients as they are more susceptible to the effects of adrenaline.

The preferred route is via a central venous catheter.

This dose (1mg) can be administered 3-5 minutely throughout cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).

Children should receive 0.1mL/kg (0.01mg/kg) repeated 5 minutely as required.

To maintian blood pressure after the return of a spontaneous pulse, bolus doses or continuous infusions may be useful.

Read More

Journal of Bacteriology, Journal of Virology and Eukaryotic Cell All to Publish Genome Announcements Beginning July 15, 2011

The revolution in high speed, low cost, high throughput parallel sequencing technology has lowered the barrier to whole-genome sequencing and changed the way we think about genome sequencing and sequences. Identification of novel bacteria and viruses by sequencing entire genomes of isolates from normal and diseased tissue or the environment is becoming routine. Similarly, sequence-based identification of novel fungi and other eukaryotic microbes, as well as whole-genome sequencing of familiar eukaryotic microbes, increasingly is feasible. Although sequence data typically are deposited in GenBank or other shared databases, the rationale for sequencing a particular organism and the detailed methodologies and protocols used often are not readily available.

Read More

Association of Prenatal and Postnatal Exposure to Lopinavir-Ritonavir and Adrenal Dysfunction Among Uninfected Infants of HIV-Infected Mothers

Albane Simon, MD;
Josiane Warszawski, MD, PhD;
Dulanjalee Kariyawasam, MD;
Jerome Le Chenadec, MSc;
Valerie Benhammou, PhD;
Paul Czernichow, MD;
Frantz Foissac, MD;
Kathleen Laborde, PhD;
Jean-Marc Tréluyer, MD, PhD;
Ghislaine Firtion, MD;
Inès Layouni, MD;
Martine Munzer, MD;
Françoise Bavoux, MD;
Michel Polak, MD, PhD;
Stéphane Blanche, MD
for the ANRS French Perinatal Cohort Study Group

Read More